Charophyceans
These are green algae most closely related to land plants. Like land plants, they have the pigments beta carotene, chlorophyll b, and accessory pigments. They have cell walls (made of cellulose), perixisomes, and stacks of thylakoids (called grana).
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| Hornworts, from the bryophyte division |
Bryophytes
Bryophytes are made of the three phla liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. These plants are not true vascular plants. However, they have special tissues that transport water and nutrients. Because they don't have lingin in their structures, they are shorter and weaker than other plants. For their reproductive structures, they are enclosed and are called sporangia and gametangia. Instead of reproducing through flowers and seeds, bryphytes reproduce by using spores.
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| Horsetails, from the pteridophyte division |
Pteridophytes
These include ferns, club mosses, spike mosses, and horsetails. They are true vascular plants and have xylem and phloem, and stems, roots, and leaves. Most of them have true roots that have lignified vascular tissue. They are seedless and don't reproduce through flower, but reproduce through spores.
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| A ginkgo tree, from the gymnosperm division. |
Gymnosperms
These plants have seeds and examples include. confiers, ginkgo, and caycads. Unlike angiosperms (whose seeds/ovules are enclosed during pollination), their seeds are "naked," meaning they are not enclosed. When the seeds are unfertilized, they are called ovules. Their seeds develop on the end of short stalks or on cones.
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Angiosperms
Although angiosperms produce seeds like gymnosperms, they are also are flowering plants and their seeds are enclosed. The flowers act as the reproductive organs of these kinds of plants. During pollination, pollen is transferred from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another flower, allowing for fertilization and sexual reproduction.
Source:
The charophycean picture is from: http://www.thaigoodview.com/node/48439.
The hornwort picture is from: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/cyanobacteria/cyanophyta-5.htm.
The horsetail picture is from: http://www.inetours.com/Pages/SFNbrhds/GGP_Strybing_1.html.
The ginkgo picture is from: http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/treedetail.cfm?id=162.
The angiosperm picture is from: http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/211L/Anthoph/%20AnthophINDX.
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